Shiitake Mushrooms

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Shiitake Mushrooms

***** Location: Japan
***** Season: All autumn
***** Category: Plant

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Explanation

Pasania mushroom, shiitake 椎茸
Cortinellus shiitake

drying shiitake, shiitake hosu 椎茸干す　しいたけほす
drying mushrooms, take hosu　茸干す
dried mushrooms, hoshitake　干し椎茸、干し茸
..... hoshi kinoko 干し菌　ほしきのこ

Shii is a species of beech in the southern half of Japan, an evergreen which grows higher than 80 feet. Shii logs are used to plant shiitake mushrooms, also known for the odor when their long white ears, dense with tiny flowers bloom without being seen, in the beginning of May.
© Haiku by Hashimoto Takako

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Growing shiitake in my back yard
Gabi Greve
Read about our experience !

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Many people grow them in the backyard, in a dark and moist place. The implants take about two years to grow and can be harvested in Autumn and early spring. This king of plantation has started during the Edo period.
In our woods, farmers put the logs in the forest and wait and harvest ...

Since the harvest is usually plenty, we dry them for further use or freeze them.
Soup made from freshly harvested shiitake does not need any water, they will provide all the necessary liquid for a delicious healthy broth.

Gabi Greve


Click HERE to see some more photos !

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The shiitake (Lentinula edodes) is an edible mushroom native to East Asia. It is generally known in the English-speaking world by its Japanese name, shiitake ( lit. "shii mushroom," from the Japanese name of the tree that provides the dead logs on which it is typically cultivated).

In Chinese, it is called xiānggū (香菇, lit. "fragrant mushroom" or "delicious mushroom"). Two Chinese variant names for high grades of shiitake are dōnggū (Chinese: 冬菇, "winter mushroom") and huāgū (花菇, "flower mushroom," which has a flower-like cracking pattern on the mushroom's upper surface); both are produced at colder temperatures. Other names by which the mushroom is known in English include Chinese black mushroom and black forest mushroom. In Korean it is called pyogo ( hanja: 瓢菰), and in Thai they are called hed hom (เห็ดหอม, "fragrant mushroom").

The species was formerly known as Lentinus edodes and Agaricus edodes. The latter name was first applied by the English botanist Miles Joseph Berkeley in 1878.

This mushroom is native to China, and has been cultivated for over 1000 years. The first written record of shiitake cultivation can be traced to Wu Sang Kwuang, born during the Song Dynasty (960-1127 A.D.). However, some documents record the uncultivated mushroom being eaten as early as 199 A.D.

During the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644 A.D.), physician Wu Juei wrote that the mushroom could be used not only as a food but was taken as a remedy for upper respiratory diseases, poor blood circulation, liver trouble, exhaustion and weakness, and to boost qi, or life energy. It was also believed to prevent premature aging.

　©　Wikipedia

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Worldwide use


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Things found on the way

Zen Master Dogen and the Tenzo Cook drying shiitake mushrooms

Famous Zen Master Dogen recognized the power of mindful cooking
after two encounters with cooks. In China, he saw an old, hunched
tenzo (head cook or kitchen master) drying shiitake mushrooms in
the heat of the sun.
Here is a recreation of their conversation:

Dogen: How old are you?
Tenzo: Sixty-eight years.
Dogen: Wow, you're old! Why don't you get an assistant to dry the mushrooms?
Tenzo: Other people are not me.
Dogen: But why do this now when the sun is so hot?
Tenzo: (smiling) If not now, when?

Later, Dogen was staying on a ship.
He met a tenzo who came aboard to buy shiitakes.
Dogen: Your monastery is far away. Please stay and let me offer you a meal.
Tenzo2: I'm sorry, but I can't. If I'm not there to prepare
tomorrow's meal, it won't go well.
Dogen: But surely someone else in the monastery knows how to cook?
Tenzo2: This is my practice. How can I leave to others what I should do myself?
Dogen: Venerable sir, why work as a cook in your old age? Why not meditate and study the koans.
Tenzo2: Hahahaha! My foreign friend, it seems you don't really understand practice.

The monk left for his temple immediately.
Two months later, the tenzo and Dogen met again.
Dogen: What is practice?
Tenzo2: One, two, three, four, five.
Dogen (scratching his head): What is practice?
Tenzo2: Everywhere, nothing is hidden.
source :　shobogenzo


statue at the temple 宮昌寺. Gunma : 椎茸典座 Shiitake Tenzo


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HAIKU

the first bite
from the first shiitake -
my life in the woods

Gabi Greve, 1998

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© Haiga by Susumu Takiguchi "floating stone"

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Related words

***** Mushrooms (ki no ko)



karashi shiitake からし椎茸 shiitake pickled with hot mustard
from Yufuin, Oita, Kyushu.

. WASHOKU
shiitake karashizuke 椎茸からし漬け with hot mustard 　


WASHOKU ... Japanese Food SAIJIKI

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http://worldkigodatabase.blogspot.com/

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Scarecrow (kakashi)

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Scarecrow (kakashi)

***** Location: Japan, India, worldwide
***** Season: Autumn, others see below
***** Category: Humanity

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Explanation



CLICK for more photos !

scarecrow, kakashi 案山子 かかし
..... kagashi　鹿驚 (かがし)
odoshi, おどし/ odose、おどせ/ odorokashi　おどろかし/ toboshi　とぼし/ some　そめ/ kamashime　鎌しめ/ yakishime　焼しめ

bird scarers, tori odoshi 鳥威し
..... odoshi zuchi 威しづち

rattles, bird clappers, naruko　鳴子
..... hiki ita　ひきいた　引板
..... naru zao 鳴る竿
rattels on strings, narukonawa 鳴子縄


With all the crows and sparrows around, we need these useful "little people" in our fields. They come in many forms nowadays, usually made from sticks, straw and old cloths. A scary face is often painted on a white sack.

Some villages have scarecrow festival and competitions,
kakashi matsuri かかし祭.
Click HERE for some photos !

In the Edo period, this word was pronounced "kagashi", meaning something that smells hineously, because the farmers used to hang up rotten fish or hides from animals. In my area, somethimes they hang up dead crows or even small wild boars to let them rot .. and smell.

Nowadays bird clappers or other devices with noise are also used. My neighbour tried 24 hour radio, but we complained about the noise. Now he has a 24 hour tape during 3 months before the apples are harvested. There is the death cry of a crow every five minutes wailing through our valley .... yaaaaaak yakyaaahkkkk ...

Gabi Greve


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Yama no Kami　山の神 has only one eye
Amanomahitotsu no kami　天目一箇神（あめのまひとつのかみ）
Amatsumara 天津麻羅


This deity with one eye and one leg
comes to the fields to protect them before the harvest, now in the form of a kakashi, with one leg and one eye.
Even the modern yellow plastic balloons with one black ring, which hang in the fields, are a modern version of this deity with one eye.




. Yama no Kami 山の神 Deity of the Mountains .



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Worldwide use

India

I don't think in India we have thought about it as a kigo word as such - because year round we do have our scarecrows on the fields.

But rice and wheat being our chief stable food - and the fact that our harvest months are mainly in December / January - when we have Sanskranti or Pongal [ Harvest Festival - Thanking the Gods especially the Sun-god - Aditya] then definitely it stands to reason that even our scarecrow is an Autumn kigo word - for the paddy fields are in full growth then!

Kala Ramesh


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country walk ~
scarecrows in hiding
in the cornfield

Sunil Uniyal


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Vogelscheuche


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Things found on the way




. Naruko 鳴子 clappers with Daruma


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In many parts of Japan, wild boars are becoming a great nuisance, since the hunters are too few and old (or dead), but the boars thrive in the abandoned fields of remote villages.

Our neighbour puts out stuffed animals in winter . . .








. Wild Boar (inoshishi) kigo


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HAIKU

- Yosa Buson

秋風のうごかしていく案山子かな
akikaze no ugokashite yuku kagashi kana

The autumn wind
on its way
sets a scarecrow moving
Tr. Merwin/Lento

An autumn wind
passes by, and swaying with it
a scarecrow.
Tr. Ueda


水落て細脛高きかがし
mizu ochite hosohagi takaki kagashi kana

The water is drained,
and tall on its slender leg
a scarecrow.


kiso-dono no ta ni izen taru kagashi kana

In Lord Kiso's
rice-field, still stands
a scarecrow.


Buson uses three different Chinese characters to express the word KAKASHI (kagashi).
Tr. by Makoto Ueda

Read more about these translations here:
Compiled by Larry Bole, 2008


MORE - about the scarecrow by
. WKD : Yosa Buson 与謝蕪村 in Edo .

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秋までに　休すんでおくれ　案山子かな

until next autumn,
please rest in peace -
dear scarecrow

© Gabi Greve, Ohaga, March 2006



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first day of fall
the scarecrow greets
another sunrise

Chen-ou Liu, Canada

December 2010
http://chenouliu.blogspot.com/


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Issa has many haiku about the scarecrows.
Tr. David Lanoue

鎌倉や今はかがしの屋敷守
kamakura ya ima wa kagashi no yashiki mori

Kamakura--
these days scarecrows
are the gatekeepers

This is Issa's earliest haiku that we have on the subject of scarecrows. The "gatekeepers" (yashiki mori) might also be translated, "keepers of the mansions." Kamakura is one of Japan's ancient capitals, on Sagami Bay southwest of Tokyo.


ぬっぽりと月見顔なるかがし哉
nuppori to tsukimi kao naru kagashi kana

that gentle
moon-gazing face...
a scarecrow



案山子にもうしろ向かれし栖哉
kagashi ni mo ushiro mukareshi sumika kana

even the scarecrow
turns his back to it...
my home


. WKD : Kobayashi Issa 小林一茶 in Edo .


とぶ蝶を憐み給へ立かがし
tobu choo o awaremi-tamae tatsu kagashi

don't just stand there,
scarecrow, show kindness
to the passing butterfly

This humorous hokku was written while Issa was on a trip to Edo and areas around it in the second half of the 8th month (early October) of 1814. Most of the crops have been harvested, and a scarecrow stands alone in a cut dry field or rice paddy. Butterflies and other insects, however, are still busy, flying here and there all day.
The hokku uses a warm, friendly, vigorous voice and teases the scarecrow for simply standing in the field after his job of protecting the crop has finished for this year. My friend, he implies, using -tamae, in Issa's time a moderately polite but friendly imperative popular among commoners, please show compassion for the butterfly, who's still very busy. Don't scare it away -- let it rest on you. Of course Issa is talking to humans as well.
Tr. and comment : Chris Drake



fui to tatsu ore o kagashi no kawari kana

suddenly I'm
standing, mind gone --
their new scarecrow

This hokku is from the eighth month (August, the beginning of lunar autumn) in 1818, when Issa was in his hometown and various towns nearby. In the hokku Issa seems to have suddenly found himself in a standing position, but he unable to understand why he stood up. Evidently he planned to do something, but by the time he has stood up the reason is gone and his mind temporarily empty or perhaps setting off in a new direction. Issa says someone -- he doesn't say who -- will surely be able use him as a new scarecrow to replace an old one discarded in the fall. In another hokku Issa associates this kind of absent-mindedness with a flash of lightning, so perhaps his forgetting is due to his trying to keep up with the constant flow of images and moments of connection that flash through his mind, some of which take form as haikai.

Issa may be half-seriously suggesting that many of his neighbors regard him as a strange, impractical person who would be more useful to the community if he were a scarecrow. In the hokku following this one in Issa's journal a scarecrow politely tells Issa that it stands pointing in the direction of Mount Obasute (also Ubasute), literally the Mountain Where An Old Aunt Was Abandoned, which is located in Issa's home province, and in another hokku Issa writes of a worn-out scarecrow actually being left on Mount Obasute.

In the most famous legend, portrayed in the No play Obasute, a man, hearing false rumors about his old aunt, carries her to the top of the mountain and leaves her there, where she dies and becomes a stone. Basho wrote a famous hokku about the old woman on the mountain from her point of view, and Issa may believe the legend. In any case, he evokes it in order to claim that he, straw-headed, impractical, and addicted to constantly thinking about new haikai, will soon be in the same situation as the old woman, since he's clearly becoming a scarecrow to be used and then discarded by some farmer after a season in the field.

The first (1814) version of the hokku translated above contains a similar image:

uka to kite ware o kagashi no kawari kana

my mind
floating -- they'll use me
as a new scarecrow

The image may be an attempt by Issa to write about the great flow of haikai images going through his mind, a flow that became even stronger after he moved back to his hometown.

Tr. and comment : Chris Drake


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cyclonic rains-
a battered scarecrow
turns to a new direction

Kala Ramesh, 2007


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netko, gle tamo
sluša zričke u polju! -
staro strašilo

***

the fellow in the field
listening to the crickets -
an old scarecrow

- Shared by Tomislav Maretic -
Joys of Japan, September 2012


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Related words


***** guardian of the fields 田守 (たもり) tamori
oda mamoru 小田守る（おだまもる）protecting the fields
inaban 稲番（いなばん）guardian for the rice fields
ta no io 田の庵（たのいお）hut for the guardian
. . . tabangoya 田番小屋（たばんごや）
kigo for all autumn


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. tane kagashi 種案山子 (たねかがし)
scarecrow in the bed for seedlings 　

kigo for spring

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kagashiage, kakashi age 案山子揚 (かがしあげ)
taking the scarecrows down
some no toshitori そめの年取り（そめのとしとり）
some is the local name in the Azumi region.

observance kigo for early winter


Usually done on the tooka 十日 tenth day of the tenth lunar month.
A custom of Nagano prefecture.
The scarecrow is taken from the field and placed in the garden of the home, harvest offerings to the god of the fields (ta no kami) are then made.

. Ta no Kami 田の神 Tanokami, God of the Fields .

. tookanya 十日夜 (とおかんや) night of the tenth 　　





little sparrows
come and show their faces -
taking down scarecrows

Rikuyo san 陸陽さん
haiku.blog.livedoor.com/ichiran.php?kg=751&pg=20

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***** India Saijiki

***** Farmers work in Autumn

. SAIJIKI
OBSERVANCES, FESTIVALS, RITUALS


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Salmon (sake)

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Salmon (sake)

***** Location: Japan, other areas
***** Season: All Autumn
***** Category: Animal

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Explanation

Salmon and trout (masu 鱒) are the representative fish of Hokkaido.
Its roe and eggs, ikura, are quite a delicacy too.

Ainu Pattern

http://www.azumino.cnet.ne.jp/WORK_SHOP/NISSEN/AINU/AINU.html

There are many kigo for this fish.

salmon, sake (when in the water) 鮭　
... pronounced shake when used as food on the table

flavor of autumn, aki aji　秋味
first salmon, hatsuzake 初鮭
salmon with a bent nose, hanamagari sake 鼻曲がり鮭
autumn of the salmon, sake no aki　鮭の秋

fishing for salmon, sakeryoo 鮭漁
net for salmon fishing, sake ami 鮭網

outlook for salmon, sake banya 鮭番屋
hut for salmon fishermen, sakegoya 鮭小屋
.... wherer they live and process the catch during season

hitting the salmon, sake uchi 鮭打ち
..... See the Ainu Legend below.

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Ainu Legends



Why you should always use a willow stick to kill salmon, this revered fish
Among freshwater fish the salmon and salmon-trout hold the highest place. This is what one would expect, inasmuch as these are the largest and most useful fishes to enter the rivers. The true salmon is called shibe, and this word means either "the great thing" or "the chief food." It is also known as kamui chep besides, and that means "divine food" or "divine fish," and it is reported to have originally come down from Paradise....

When the Ainu go salmon fishing they always provide a thick willow stick about two feet long with which to strike the salmon's head and kill it. This stick is called isapa-kik-ni, "the head-striking wood" ....
The Ainu say that the salmon do not like being killed with a stone or any wood other than good sound willow, but they are very fond of being killed with a willow stick. Indeed, they are said to hold the isapa-kik-ni in great esteem. If anything else is used, the fish will go away in disgust.

Read all about Ainu Culture here:
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/hokkaido/legsal.html

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Spawning Salmon in Hokkaido



http://www3.famille.ne.jp/~ochi/eng/hokka10.html

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Kigo for All Summer

cherry salmon, yamame 山女 Oncorhynchus masou;
Literally "mountain lady", "Mountain Maiden".
Cherry Salmon Fish, yamameuo 山女魚
fishing for cherry salmon, yamame tsuri 山女釣

Fishing for this fish is a great hobby of many anglers, seen commonly at the local rivers.

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The Salmon Museum in Chitose, Hokkaido

Chitose Salmon Aquarium is located on the Chitose River in Hokkaido Japan. This river originates from the beautiful waters of Lake Shikotsu in central Hokkaido then joins Hokkaido's largest river the Ishikari, which in turn flows into the Sea of Japan.



http://www.city.chitose.hokkaido.jp/tourist/salmon/e-html/e_index.html

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Worldwide use

North America

shad
http://saltfishing.about.com/cs/fishingreports/a/aa030413a.htm
http://www.state.nj.us/dep/fgw/shadart.htm
http://espn.go.com/outdoors/fishing/s/f_fea_shad_tactics_CA_Rychnovsky.html

cherry salmon, steelhead trout
the Alaskan King or Chinook salmon, which is a very important fish along the west coast US and Canada.

There is a trout that is a rainbow trout if it happens to live its life in a river but becomes a steelhead trout if it can get access to the ocean--like the salmon, they return to the river to
spawn, leaping through rapids to get upstream. Dams, of course, make this difficult.

http://www.adfg.state.ak.us/pubs/notebook/fish/chinook.php
http://www.kanada-british-columbia.de/en/salmon_run/
http://www.sunnywalter.com/WhereView-WNW-SalmonLinks.html

Linda Papanicolaou

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kigo for spring
in Pacific North-West of America

spring chinook


spring chinook ~
the end of its migration
to my table

- Shared by Elaine Andre -
Joys of Japan, 2012


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Things found on the way

Child's Salmon Skin Coat

Originally all Ainu garments were made of skin, fur, and feathers, and these types of clothing survived in Sakhalin and the Kurile Islands into the twentieth century. Salmon skin was highly prized for making strong, light, durable waterproof garments. Sakhalin Ainu decorated fishskin garments with delicate appliqué, as did their neighbors in the lower Amur River region.

This child's coat has a Sakhalin Ainu cut but was collected in Hokkaido – like people, artifacts often end up far from home. This coat may have come to Hokkaido with Ainu refugees expelled when Sakhalin was turned over to the Russians in 1875. In 1896 it was sold to Mrs. Mabel Loomis Todd, a participant in an Amherst College expedition that came to Hokkaido to view a solar eclipse.

Smithsonian Museum
http://www.mnh.si.edu/arctic/ainu/html/room04.html


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salmon slices and sardines
Tsuchida Bakusen 土田 麦僊 (1887-1936)


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HAIKU

雪の朝独リ干鮭を噛み得タリ　
yuki no ashita hitori karazake o kami etari

snow in the morning -
alone with dried salmon
to chew on
Tr. Gabi Greve

MORE translations
. Matsuo Basho 松尾芭蕉 - Archives of the WKD .

. . . . .


While sleeping in a lodge in the capital and hearing each night the sorrowful chanting of the Kuya pilgrims:
乾鮭も空也の痩も寒の中
karazake mo Kuuya no yase mo kan no uchi

Dried salmon
the gauntness of a Kuya pilgrim
in the cold season
Tr. Shirane


The shriveled salmon
the thinness of the ascetic
in the bitter cold
Tr. Miner and Odagiri

Written in December 1690 元禄3年12月, Basho age 48, in Kyoto


. Matsuo Basho 松尾芭蕉 - Archives of the WKD .



. Kuuya Shonin, (903-72)　空也上人 Saint Kuya .


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whitewater
a trout leaps
through the rainbow

Linda Papanicolaou

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Negi wa naku sake ya kirimi ni seiki-zamu

> No leeks,
> Salmon cut in slices;
> Century-cold.**

Keiko Imaoka

** newly coined by the author, for which this Ku is famous.
http://haiku.cc.ehime-u.ac.jp/~shiki/shiki.archive/html/9601/0419.html

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quiet cove--
an eagle plucks a salmon
from the clouds

Billie Wilson
Haiku Cycles (2001)
http://home.gci.net/~alaskahaiku/saijiki.html

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Salmon Haiku Duel
TheTyee.ca
The majority of the haiku entries came from the passionate pens of wild salmon lovers, but many also came from ardent and lyrical supporters of salmon farming, and from budding poets skeptical of the controversy on the whole.

Bye lovely tyee
I have turned my back on you
To work farming fish

Jeff Ardron


We swim forever
gravel rivers ocean sky
giving life we die

Marilyn MacPherson


Coho burn, dark red
Water boils in icy pools
Cold fire in the stream

Charles Thirkill

http://www.thetyee.ca/Life/2005/01/03/Salmon_Haiku_Duel_Winners/

More are here
http://www.thetyee.ca/Life/2005/01/10/TheCollectedWorksofTyee/

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Some Japanese Salmon-Haiku

乾鮭の背骨にふれて刃をすすむ
小桧山繁子


没日みる乾鮭の口地に立てて
小桧山繁子

翔ぶものへ鮭のはららご炎えてゐる
栗林千津

驛にころがる出稼の荷と鮭の荷と
能村登四郎

骨の鮭アイヌ三人水わたる
金子兜太

骨の鮭鴉もダケカンバも骨だ
金子兜太

風三日銀一身の鮭届く
成田千空

鮭の切身の鮮紅に足止むる旅
能村登四郎

鮭食ひし肉感夜のひとひら雲
豊山千蔭

Gendai Haiku Database
http://www.haiku-data.jp/kigo_list.php?season_cd=3#sa



. Yamaguchi Seison -
Salmon Haiku from Michinoku 　


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から鮭も敲ば鳴ぞなむあみだ
karazake mo tatakeba naku zo namu amida

beating time
on a dried salmon too...
praise Buddha!

Kobayashi Issa
(Tr. David Lanoue)

WKD . Namu Amida Butsu, the Amida Prayer



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Related words

***** Spring King Salmon Derby
Kigo for Spring in Alaska.


Running through Juneau all year with a peak run from May to July, the chinook -or king salmon-- is Alaska's state fish.
The month-long derby sets itself apart from the rest with shore fishing, festivities and competitions ranging from the eldest veteran to weigh in to the largest weigh-in by a child.

King salmon, the largest and least abundant of the salmon species, average 36" and weigh around 30 pounds. Last year's Spring King Derby winner brought in a 42.3-pound king.
http://www.traveljuneau.com/juneautravelnews/spring2004.cfm#sports
http://worldkigodatabase.blogspot.com/2006/12/alaska-kiyose.html

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***** coho (silver) salmon start to run
Kigo for Summer in Alaska.


***** Golden North Salmon Derby
Kigo for Summer in Alaska.


***** Salmonberry
Kigo for Summer in Alaska.

http://worldkigodatabase.blogspot.com/2006/12/alaska-kiyose.html

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Sake, Masu and Ayu : Salmon, trouts and sweetfish ... the naming


WASHOKU ... Japanese Food SAIJIKI

. sake 鮭　legends about the salmon - Lachs Legenden .


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Safflower (benibana) and RED

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Safflower (benibana)

***** Location: Japan
***** Season: Mid-Summer
***** Category: Plant

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Explanation

Safflower, beni no hana　紅の花、紅花, 紅藍花, 紅粉花
..... suetsumu hana 末摘花
saffron flower, サフラワー
Carthamus tinctorius, benihana, benibana

This flower originates in South and West Asia and was introduced by Korean Buddhist monks to Japan in the 6th and 7th century. Lately it is often grown for its oil. The most importand growing area is the Yamagata prefecture, where the "Safflower Festival" (benibana matsuri 山形紅花まつり) is held every year in July.

It flowers in June and July, almost looking like a thistle (azami).
Formerly, the red extract from the flower was used for cosmetics and dyeing. The name is already mentioned in the "Tales of Genji".


光源氏は末摘花の琴の音を立ち聞きした後、頭中将と左大臣邸へ行く。


http://www.nijl.ac.jp/~t.ito/HTML/R1.4.1_Kanako06.html

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Safflower
is a highly branched, herbaceous, thistle-like annual, usually with many long sharp spines on the leaves. Plants are 30 to 150 cm tall with globular flower heads (capitula) and commonly, brilliant yellow, orange or red flowers which bloom in July. Each branch will usually have from one to five flower heads containing 15 to 20 seeds per head. Safflower has a strong taproot which enables it to thrive in dry climates, but the plant is very susceptible to frost injury from stem elongation to maturity.

Traditionally, the crop was grown for its flowers, used for colouring and flavouring foods and making red and yellow dyes, especially before cheaper aniline dyes became available, and in medicines. For the last fifty years or so, the plant has been cultivated mainly for the vegetable oil extracted from its seeds.

Safflower oil is flavorless and colorless, and nutritionally similar to sunflower oil. It is used mainly as a cooking oil, in salad dressing, and for the production of margarine. It may also be taken as a nutritional supplement. INCI nomenclature is Carthamus tinctorius

There are two types of safflower that produce different kinds of oil: one high in monounsaturated fatty acid (oleic acid) and the other high in polyunsaturated fatty acid (linoleic acid). Currently the predominant oil market is for the former, which is lower in saturates and higher in monounsaturates than olive oil, for example.

© wikipedia.org

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Look at more flowes here !

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There is even a Japanese doll with cloth safflowers :
紅緒ちゃん

http://www5d.biglobe.ne.jp/~f-doll/page127.html


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A Film about this flower
"Only Yesterday" おもひでぽろぽろ, a Studio Ghibli production created by both Isao Takahata and Hayao Miyazaki
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Only_Yesterday


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The color RED in Japanese Culture

The color red is first mentioned in Chinese chronicles, when Princess Himiko send woven robes at presents to the court.

kooseiken 絳青縑（こうせいけん） "red and green robes"

The red color KOO 絳 was produced dying with akane red.

shutan 朱丹 mix of crimson and red

taisha たいしゃ色, 代赭 #bb5520
soho 赭 an old name for red
masoho, masuo, masoo 真赭 red earth (with mercury sulfide)
shado しゃど【赭土】red ocher (ocre), terra rosa

Painting the body with red earth (akatsuchi 赤土 / 赭土) would protect the person from misfortune.

entan 鉛丹色 (えんたんいろ) #ec6d51 . mixture with lead, trilead tetraoxide


Reference : Japanese color table with # numbers


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kurenai くれない【紅】 crimson red, deep red
kure no ai 呉の藍 turned kurenai (meaning indigo from ancient China)
shinku 真紅 / 深紅 deep scarlet
Carthamus tinctorius

nisekurenai 偽紅 "false kurenai" died with
akane あかね【茜】 (Rubia akane Nakai) instead of safflower

kara kurenai からくれない 唐紅/ 韓紅 "crimson from China"
a rather dark crimson


beni no ame　紅の雨 "crimson rain" rain on beautiful blossoms
beni no namida 紅の涙　"crimson tears" bloody tears
these two words are not often used in haiku.

Beni lipstick made in the cold
(kanbeni 寒紅, ushibeni 丑紅)



enji えんじ【臙脂】dark red
#b94047


hanezu iro はねずいろ唐棣花色/ 唐棣色（はねずいろ）light pink
#f0908d


suou iro 蘇芳色（すおういろ）"sappan wood red"
#973C3F

toki iro 鴇色 ときいろ / 朱鷺色 pink
#F5C9C6



. akane 茜草 (あかね) madder, Indian Madder
lit. "red root"
The plant was introduced from China in the Heian period.
It was very popular and there are poems in the Manyo-Shu poetry collection about
akane sasu 茜さす　shining madder red
and refers to the daytime sunshine.


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. Aoni Yoshi 青丹よし Aoniyoshi
"the green and cinnabar is good" 　

. Niutsuhime 丹生都比女
She is related to cinnabar (shu　朱) and then mercury.
Tanden 丹田 the Cinnabar field


. Bengara ベンガラ red pigment
from Fukiya town 吹屋, Okayama


. Smallpox and the color Red 　　


. Why is Daruma always RED ?



. The Red Fuji, Akafuji, 赤冨士 　


. red dragonfly, aka tonbo　赤蜻蛉


. Red autumn leaves 紅葉 momiji

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Auspicious food

. Red Beans, "small beans" (azuki 小豆 ) 　

. sekihan 赤飯(せきはん) "red rice" 　
cooked for celebrations



hi no maru 日の丸 Japanese flag

. Japanese Flag Bentoo (hi no maru bentoo　
日の丸弁当) 　





. Koohaku 紅白 red and white, an auspicious combination 　


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Worldwide use



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Things found on the way

safflower oil, benibana abura 紅花油
salad oil, べにばなサラダ油

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The Benibana Museum (The Safflower Museum)
From the Horigome Residence of a Wealthy Farmer to the Museum
(豪農堀米邸から資料館へ)

This Benibana Museum was once the residence of Shirobe Horigome (堀米四郎兵衛) - a wealthy farmer around this area in Edo period. The total of the farm land was about 80 ares of the land and the residence had 6 warehouses and 7 wood-made warehouses. But, up to now, the most of the warehouses and the dwellings were withdrawn because of their advanced ages. But even now about five thousands of stuffs of the weapons and life necessities and old documents were preserved.
In 1982 after the Town was donated these historic stuffs and properties, they restored and consolidated them in a good order. The Town opened them as "the Benibana Museum" in May, 1984.

source : benibana/bunken

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HAIKU



source :　www.po-holdings.co.jp
cosmetic tools for the aristocracy of the Edo period


まゆはきを俤にして紅粉の花
mayuhaki o omokage ni shite beni no hana

reminiscent
of eyebrow brushes –
safflower blossoms
Tr. Haldane

Oku no Hosomichi, Obanazawa
. Matsuo Basho 松尾芭蕉 - Archives of the WKD .


. hake 刷毛 craftsmen's brush, brushes .

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Related words

***** Annemone, Benibana Okinagusa 紅花翁草



. kigo : LIPSTICK from Benibana
kanbeni 寒紅 かんべに "crimson lipstick made in the cold"
ushibeni 丑紅（うしべに） "bull lipstick"


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Rose (bara) - primrose

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Rose (bara)

***** Location: Japan, worldwide
***** Season: Various, see below
***** Category: Plant

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Explanation

The genus Rosa, within the family Rosaceae.
There are various kinds of roses with kigo in all seasons.

primula, see below

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kigo for early spring

rose buds, bara no me 薔薇の芽 (ばらのめ)


kigo for late spring

chooshunka 長春花 (ちょうしゅんか) China rose
Rosa chinensis
chooshunka 月季花（ちょうしゅんか）
shikisaki bara 四季咲薔薇（しきざきばら）"rose flowering in all seasons"
kooshin bara 庚申薔薇（こうしんばら）
. . . CLICK here for Photos !


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rose, bara 薔薇 (ばら)
kigo for early summer

soobi 薔薇（そうび）, shoobi しょうび
(when reading the kanji in Chinese reading, as in the Kokin Wakashu and other old poetry books)
rose blossoms, hanabara 花ばら（はなばら）

fragrance of roses, bara kaoru 薔薇香る（ばらかおる）
rose petals scattering, bara chiru 薔薇散る（ばらちる）

rose garden, rose park, bara en 薔薇園（ばらえん）


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akibara 秋薔薇 (あきばら) rose in autumn
aki no bara 秋の薔薇（あきのばら）
..... akisoobi 秋そうび（あきそうび）

kigo for mid-autumn


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fuyubara 冬薔薇 (ふゆばら) rose in winter
fuyu no bara 冬の薔薇（ふゆのばら）winter roses
..... fuyusoobi 冬薔薇（ふゆそうび）
kansoobi 寒薔薇（かんそうび） roses in the cold

kigo for all winter



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Worldwide use

Rose, Roen, Gartenrose


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Things found on the way

A rose is a woody perennial of the genus Rosa, within the family Rosaceae. There are over 100 species. They form a group of erect shrubs, and climbing or trailing plants, with stems that are often armed with sharp prickles.

Flowers are large and showy, in colours ranging from white through yellows and reds. Most species are native to Asia, with smaller numbers native to Europe, North America, and northwest Africa. Species, cultivars and hybrids are all widely grown for their beauty and fragrance. Rose plants range in size from compact, miniature roses, to climbers that can reach 7 meters in height. Different species hybridize easily, and this has been used in the development of the wide range of garden roses.

Roses are a favored subject in art and therefore used in various artistic disciplines.
They appear in portraits, illustrations, on stamps, as ornaments or as architectural elements.
©　More in the WIKIPEDIA !


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HAIKU


夕風や白薔薇の花皆動
yuukaze ya shirobara no hana mina ugoku

wind in the evening -
all the flowers of the white roses
are moving

Written in Meiji 29 - 1896

on the 20th day of the 5th month, there is another poem by Shiki in the diary of Takahama Kyoshi

赤薔薇や萌黄の蜘蛛の這ふて居る
akabara ya moegi no kumo no hoote iru

a red rose -
a light-green spider
crawls on it

moegi iro 萌葱色もえぎいろ #006e54

. - Masaoka Shiki 正岡子規 - .


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raindrops
on the rose buds -
a letter from home

Gabi Greve, 2007

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winter morning -
a few dewdrops on
my last rose

Photo and Haiku, Gabi Greve 2006


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watering plants ...
my frog takes his shower
on a red rose




. Gabi Greve, 2008 .


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Related words

***** Cotton rose, Rose-Mallow (fuyoo, fuyo, fuyoh) Hibiscus mutabilis.


***** Wild Roses (ibara, nobara)

*****Yellow Mountain Rose (yamabuki, Japan)


***** Primula, Japanese primrose (sakura-soo 桜草)
Primula sieboldii
kigo for late spring



sakurasoo 桜草 (さくらそう) primrose
lit. "cherry blossom grass"
purimura プリムラ primula
tokiwa sakura 常盤桜（ときわざくら）
otomezakura 乙女桜（おとめざくら）young lady sakura
hinazakura 雛桜（ひなざくら) hina doll sakura
yagurazakura 楼桜（やぐらざくら）yagura tower sakura
keshoozakura 化粧桜（けしょうざくら）
ichigezakura 一花桜（いちげざくら）"one blossom sakura"


In our country
Even the weeds bear
Cherry blossoms!

By Kobayashi Issa (1763-1827)

. SakuraSo by Linda Inoki .


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kigo for early spring

suhamasoo 洲浜草 (すはまそう) Primula modesta
musumi soo 三角草（みすみそう）
yukiwarisoo 雪割草（ゆきわりそう）"snow-splitting plant"


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kigo for early summer

kurinsoo 九輪草 (くりんそう) "nine circles flower"
Japanese Primrose or Japanese Cowslip
Primula japonica



It comes in variuos colors. It grows wild in many parts of Japan, in the mountains and wetlands.

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Rose Daruma　だるま薔薇


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Romanian Saijiki

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Romanian Saijiki - ROMANIA

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Introducing Romania
This Website is intended to assist travellers who are planning to visit Romania or those who would like to learn more about this country.
http://www.romaniatourism.com/

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General Remarks about this Romanian Saijiki

Romania is a middle-sized country for European standards, but displays a huge diversity in matters of geography and climate. The diversity is even more striking in matters of different cultures represented and the way they interact and influence each other. I have tried to the best of my abilities to reflect that, while avoiding to get too “regional” except for my part of the country (southwestern Transylvania) where I feel more at home.


Religious Festivals and Celebrations

Romania is a very religious country:a recent survey showed that 93% of the population believes in God and 87% identify themselves with one of the recognized religious denominations. Indeed there is no trace of the secularism found in most of western Europe;in this respect, Romania looks more like Mexico or the Philippines.

While most of the country’s inhabitants are Orthodox, Romania also has a significant Catholic population, belonging to three different rites, which has been there since time immemorial. The interaction of the two spiritual and liturgical traditions has shaped the Romanian soul as it is now, a fact recently recognized by the political class, the media etc., who now tend to regard the two Churches as equal-ranking, traditional Churches (a situation similar to that in Germany, the Netherlands, Hungary etc.

I chose to reflect that by listing the religious feastdays of both traditions. It should be noted that the Romanian Orthodox Church uses the Gregorian calendar for all celebrations except Easter and the mobile celebrations depending on the date of Easter (a situation similar to that in Bulgaria and Greece, and unlike that in Russia, Ukraine or Serbia).


Legal and Civic Holidays

(by “civic holiday” I mean a day which is officially commemorated-including those by Government sponsored events-, but is not a legal holiday, i.e. people don’t get a free day from work).


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Abbreviations used:

-for categories: N=nature; OT=Observances and traditions; H=humanity (includes food and elements pertaining to modern life)

-for sections: E=early; M=middle; L=late; 3=all three

-for Religious festivals and celebrations :
C=Catholic, O=Orthodox; O/C=both


For more information about Haiku Activities in Romania see the
EUROPA SAIJIKI
Saijiki for Europa ..... (WKD - EUROPE)


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.. .. .. SPRING .. .. Season “timpul fără mere”/”no-apple-season “starts (mid-April). Apples grown in Romania may roughly be divided into “winter” and “summer apples”. In-between there’s a gap, commonly said to start on St.George’s Day (Apr.14th ) (M) Văraticul începe/Shepherd’s summertime starts. Also roughly on St.George’s Day, flocks move up to the highlands, where they find better pastures. .. .. Heaven “zăpada mieilor”/”lamb snow”. Name given to the easy-melting snow fallen in the 1st half of March. Seen as winter’s “farewell”. (E) Snow (yuki) .. .. Earth .. .. Humanity “School Olympics Week” (usually mid-April). School contests by subject (from Chemistry to Philosophy and from Computer Sciences to Latin), aka the School Olympics are held throughout the schoolyear. The national finals last for a week, generating a beehive-like atmosphere in the school and a youthful and celebrative atmosphere in the host cities. .. .. Observances Mărţişor (March 1st) an “amulet” given by Romanians to all the important women in their lives. Symbolizes the advent of spring.(E) Martisor (Amulet) "Zilele babelor”/“Old-women-days”(March 1st to 8th) Based on an old legend, one is supposed to pick one of these days with inconsistent weather; if it snows on that particular day, it’s a bad omen, if it’s sunny, it’s a good omen for the rest of the year.(E) Vopsitul/încondeiatul/ciocnitul ouălor de Paşti/Painting/drawing/knocking of Easter eggs. No chocolate eggs for Easter! For the Romanians it’s real eggs, hard-boiled,painted (usually in red), or turned into breathtaking artefacts by complicated drawings. One knocks them open by saying “Christ is risen/Indeed he is risen” at each Easter meal (not the ones with drawings!) (M) Easter . “Udatul”/“Watering”(the week after Easter). Originally a Hungarian tradition it entails men(especially single) sprinkling women(especially single) with perfume. Customary in Transylvania now, regardless of ethnic group or denomination;unknown elsewhere. (M) .. .. Animals Întoarcerea păsărilor călătoare/cuibăritul berzelor/Migrating birds return/storks nesting(mid-March-mid-April). Storks’nesting is especially important to farmer families because of the bonds existing between humans and those birds.(M) Puii ies din ouă/Chicken hatching (mid-April). An important event in rural and semi-rural areas.(M) Piţigoi/Titmouse. This bird should be a spring kigo. It is commonly believed to have two kinds of songs in spring, one heralding a wet summer, the other a dry one. No one cares which “aria” it sings in the rest of the year! (3) Cărăbuşi/Cock chaffers. Seen around May Day, they don’t outlast the 1st week of May. (L) Rusalii/Mayflies;”înflorirea râurilor”/”river flowering” These ephemera live their short spectacular lives on the rivers in the Far North and Far West, the resulting phenomenon sometimes called “river flowering” (L) .. .. Plants Ghiocei/Snowdrops . The spring kigo par excellence. “Early snowdrops”(late February) are a good omen, their total absence in a year a very bad one. (E). Flori de liliac/Lilacs. Flowering in May/early June, some early poets associated their scent with unreciprocated love(L)

.. .. .. SUMMER .. .. Season .. .. Heaven Furtuni de vară/Thunderstorms. Very common from late May to late August but hardly occur at other times during the year. (3) Typhoon (Japan) .. .. Earth .. .. Humanity Anul şcolar se încheie/Schoolyear ends (June 15th) A very festive occasion for everyone!(E) Graduation (Melancolia de) Extrasezon fotbalistic/”out-of-soccer-season”(blues). Soccer season ends in early June and during the few weeks without their favourite pastime and conversation topic,(at least part of) Romania’s male population may suffer from a (scientifically diagnosed!) mild form of depression. (3) Mersul la mare/Going to the seaside. The wonderful Black Sea beaches are attractive as early as May Day, but get crowded after the end of the schoolyear(3). Festivaluri şi concerte în aer liber/Open air concerts and festivals. A lot of them take place everywhere in summer. A special mention should be made of the Sighişoara Mediaeval Festival which lasts for a whole month (either July or August) (3) .. .. Observances Sânziene: June 24th (nights before and after). Formerly associated with magic, divination and matchmaking, they are now occasions for parties and dances celebrating summer. (E) Pelerinaje/vizite la mănăstiri/ Pilgrimages/ visits to monasteries. These increase dramatically on and around Dormition/Assumption Day (Aug.15th );I would rate it as a late summer kigo. Pilgrimages .. .. Animals Ciocârlie/Skylark. A symbolical bird for Romanians, it is closely associated with the wheat harvest(3) Urşii se întorc în bârlog/Bears start hibernating (August) (L) .. .. Plants Cireşe/Cherries (June) In the traditional calendar,June is called “Cireşar” (cherry month). Girls sometimes wear them as earrings - a delightful sight. (E) See also : Cherry Blossoms Mere de vară/Summer apples. Powerfully scented, but arguably less nutritious, they can be found from June to mid-August (3). Sanziana (Galium verum) Lady's Bedstraw, Yellow Bedstraw and Sanziana Midsummer Rituals Treieratul grâului/Wheat harvest (3)

.. .. .. AUTUMN .. .. Season .. .. Heaven Ploi mocăneşti / slow-dripping rain Actually intraductible, but named after a certain category of shepherds, they are the long, slow-dripping rains which make one drowsy and the autumn all the gloomier) 3 .. .. .. .. Rain in various KIGO (Japan) Prima brumă / First hoarfrost (as early as September) M Primul îngheţ / First frost (usually November) L see > Frost (shimo, Japan) .. .. Earth Stoarcerea strugurilor / Wine pressing (usually October) M One of the almost ritual agricultural activities: gives an opportunity for joyful family reunions: Romania has a wine-drinking culture, so from the noble vineyards scattered all over the country down to the urban areas where grapes are grown for maybe only 10 litres of wine each year, it’s a busy season! Grapes and Grape Harvest, Vendanges Culesul fructelor / Fruit harvest (Sept.-Oct.) 3 The standard image for autumn in our schoolbooks was that of a girl, proudly smiling, surrounded by baskets of fruit. Need I say more? All fruit growing in autumn may be autumn kigo, I gave one of them a special mention in the “Plants” section. Fruit Harvest (Romania) .. .. Humanity Schoolyear begins (Sept.15th ) Almost a public holiday, it is-also for those no longer attending school-a day to remember their teachers, living or dead. E Schoolyear begins Must / Sweet wine In October, even cityfolk get to enjoy sweet wine in (sometimes open air) locales. A whole range of urban folklore has flourished in connection with this Must. Grapes and Grape Harvest, Vendanges Pastramă / (a sort of) pemmican. Thicker than the American version and inextricably associated (by cityfolk) with sweet wine, it is eaten in the same locales and atmosphere as described above. Shepherds and peasants eat it all the time during autumn anyway. M Pemmican (Romania) .. .. Observances Sf. Dumitru/St. Demetrius (Sept.19th ) (O) Patron saint of Bucharest, the capital.In the folk calendar, this is the day when all contracts concluded on St.George’s Day (see Spring) expire and are renewed or not. All payments due as salaries, rents etc. had to be made on this day at the latest and more generally all old scores had to be settled before new deals could be struck. E Iernaticul începe / Shepherd’s winter starts Roughly on St. Demetrius’Day (Sept. 19th ), flocks return to the plains to avoid the harsh highland winter. E Sheperds Winter (Romania) Naşterea Sf. Fecioare Maria / Nativity of the Virgin Mary; aka “Sântămăria Mică” / ”Little St. Mary’s” (Sept.8th ) (O/C). Regarded as the beginning of autumn in the folk calendar. See also the “Animals” section. E Sf.Paraschiva/St.Paraschiva (Oct.16th ) (O). Patron saint of Moldavia (East) M “Sâmbra oilor”. A Maramureş (Far Northwest) tradition linked to the Shepherd’s winter : when wool, cheese etc. are divided among the sheep owners and shepherd aides hired on St. George’s Day receive their pay, according to a certain ritual and not without songs and dancing. Originally a very localized tradition, it became widely known because of tourism. E Sheperds Winter (Romania) Toţi Sfinţii/All Saints’Day; Ziua Morţilor / All Souls Day (Nov. 1st /2nd ) Nov.1st is All Saints, whilst the following day is All Souls Day. And these would normally only appear in a Catholic calendar, since the Orthodox have similar celebrations after Easter (see Spring). But in Transylvania, conservative Catholics imposed their custom of commemorating the faithful departed already in the afternoon / evening of Nov.1st while virtually forgetting about the actual All Souls Day . Orthodox Romanians wanted to follow suit and Orthodox priests were very accomodating on this. Nowadays it is a common custom across Transylvania. Elsewhere in Romania, the respective calendars are observed as such (at least for the time being) Western-style Halloween is meanwhile also establishing itself (especially in school parties) but is still far less popular than in the West. Anyway, it is a late autumn kigo. L All Saints’ Day All Souls' Day .. .. Animals Plecarea păsărilor călătoare / Migrating birds leave (Sept.-early Oct.). Swallows and wild geese are said to leave around “Little St.Mary’s” (Nativity of the Virgin Mary, Sept.8th ), storks and cranes somewhat later. E Migrating Birds .. .. Plants Crizanteme / Chrysanthemums The floral autumn kigo par excellence. M Chrysanthemum Gutui / Quinces All fruits harvested in autumn-from plums to nuts- can be autumn kigo, but quinces deserve special attention, due to the semi-rituals connected to them. First, fresh-harvested quinces are still too hard to eat, so our mothers used to place them somewhere in the house (window sill, shelf etc.) for softening up; a patience exercise for the kids. They were kept like this sometimes till the onset of winter. No traditional Romanian autumn escapes their image or delicate scent. Secondly, making quince jelly or pell mell is a delicious autumn experience. One should note, however, that, unlike some Slavic peoples, Romanians do not attach any sexual symbolism to quinces. 3 Quince

.. .. .. WINTER .. .. Season .. .. Heaven .. .. Earth Haiga by Alex Serban January 2011 .. .. Humanity mist in the wind quietly roams the village - Santa freezes carved houses embroidery frozen - winter mark Alex Serban, January 2011 .. .. Observances National Day of Romania - December 1 Great Union Day - History of Romania Let's celebrate ! Alex Serban .. .. Animals .. .. Plants Painting by Alex Serban

.. .. .. Non-Seasonal Haiku Topics .. .. Season .. .. Heaven .. .. Earth .. .. Humanity . Sculptor Constantin Brancusi . 　 . Author Ion Luca Caragiale . . Inventor Henri Coanda . . Poet Mihai Eminescu .　 . Painter Nicolae Grigorescu . 　 . Tudor Gheorghe - Musician . 　 . Aurel Vlaicu - Pilot . 　 .. .. Observances .. .. Animals .. .. Plants

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