Pilgrimage (henro)

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Pilgrimage in Shikoku (henro)

***** Location: Japan
***** Season: Spring
***** Category: Observance

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Explanation

ZEN is well known in the West, but other forms of Japanese Buddhism are not.

To make the great pilgrimage around the island of Shikoku is not only reserved for believers of the Esoteric sects, but done by many people for many reasons, after retirement, after loosing a loved one or just for finding oneself as a youngster.

Many henro pilgrims carry a small haiku book and produce many beautiful haiku, some featured in the internet these days and some hidden in the pockets of the white robe, only shown to each other when meeting on the way.

The Shikoku Pilgrimage, henro 遍路, comprises many kigo for spring.
The cool climate of spring is the best time to walk the pilgims road in Shikoku.
But there are of course pilgrims all year round.

Pilgrm's Staff, the alter-ego of Kobo Daishi, henrotsue 遍路杖
Pilgrim's Hat, henrogasa, henro kasa, 遍路笠

the way a pilgrim walks, henromichi 遍路道


. Shikoku Henro 四国遍路 Pilgrimage to 88 Temples .
- Introduction -


. Stepping on the sacred sand of Shikoku
(sunafumi お砂踏み)


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quote
Pilgrimages since the Meiji Period (1868-1912 AD) have basically preserved the patterns that emerged during the Edo Era. Nonetheless, most will admit that modern-day Japanese pilgrimages are incredibly commercialized. Many Japanese localities and prefectures, hoping to attract religious tourists, have copied the traditional pilgrimage patterns to establish their own modern circuits for the 33 Kannon and 88 Holy Sites in Shikoku. Today pilgrims travel in luxury by coach, minibus or taxi in prearranged tours. Nearly all modern pilgrims purchase the amulets, hats, satchels, staffs, bells, and other religious paraphernalia that are sold in abundance by temples, shrines, prefectural bodies, cities, and travel agencies. In many ways the modern pilgrimage in Japan is a thinly veiled disguise for tourism, stripped in large part of religious meaning.

And let us not forget. Since the Edo Period, Shinto and Buddhist practices among the common folk have been aimed primarily at this-worldly benefits (genze riyaku, concrete rewards now). To many Japanese, Shinto and Buddhist faith is primarily involved with petitions and prayers for business profits, the safety of the household, success on school entrance exams, painless child birth, and other concrete rewards now, in this life. This type of popular worship -- one focused on "this-worldly" rewards -- can easily fall prey to commercialism.

Learn more about Pilgrims stamps books and all the equipment
a pilgrim needs on the road.

RESOURCE GUIDE TO
JAPANESE PILGRIMS & PILGRIMAGES
also about

junrei　巡礼　pilgrimage to other temples
junrei 順礼 kanji used by Issa


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Pilgrims at temple Nr. 55, Nankoo-Boo in Imabari, Shikoku.


Life is a pilgrimage!
A poster to promote the Shikoku Pilgrimage.


© Photo Gabi Greve

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giving alms to henro pilgrims,
o-settai, settai 摂待
. Kado-cha 門茶 "tea at the gate" .
giving tea as alms at the temple gate
kigo for early autumn

As the poor pilgrims walk along, they are supported by the local population, who see them as Kobo Daishi himself. They get a lot of food offerings, but also robes or money. Once I got a cotton towel to wipe the sweat. Even a ride in a car can be o-settai.
Some villages have established a small stall with tables and seats at the village entrance, where the housewifes take turn in praparing tea and sweets for the tired pilgrims.
Other households provide free beds for one night, together with a small meal in the monring, some for many generations. They have become friends with the regular pilgrims, who take the tour many times in their lives.

At one place in front of a temple, an old woman was handing out mikan oranges, greeting each pilgrim with a smile, saying "Welcome to this temple, dear Kobo Daishi san!". For her, we were all the same re-incarnations of Kukai.

O-Settai is a way for the local people to "collect good points" to improve their karma in the next re-incarnation.

If you receive a gift of this kind, you have to hand over one of your pilgrim's prayer slips.



settai in form of a shoulder massage


- the beginning of settai -
. Emon Saburō 衛門三郎 Emon Saburo .

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Shikoku Fudo Pilgrims to 36 temples
四国三十六不動尊霊場


My Pilgrims Guide
... group/Darumasan-Japan/message/424
... group/Darumasan-Japan/message/425
...group/Darumasan-Japan/426



Learn more about Pilgrims stamps books and all the equipment a pilgrim needs on the road.

... www.onmarkproductions.com/
Mark Schumacher


A pilgrimage to a Shinto shrine is called: Mairi
　Three famous Shinto Pilgrimages


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Worldwide use


WKD : Earth Pilgrims アースピルグリム　。　地球巡礼者　
Echan Deravy エハン・デラヴィ 　


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pilgrim
fascinated by a distance
of spaces

- Shared by Gennady Nov -
Haiku Culture Magazine, 2013



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Croatia

Marija Bistrica: the Black Madonna with Child,
Our Lady of Bistrica, Queen of Croatia

The little town Marija Bistrica (literally Mary Bistrica) lies on the slopes of Mount Medvednica, about 15 km North-West of Zagreb. 16th century, about 5 ft., wood.
source : www.interfaithmary.ne


a pilgrimage -
new faces and new flowers
along the way

- Shared by Tomislav Maretic -
Haiku Culture Magazine , 2013


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THE HAJ: PILGRIMAGE TO MECCA

One of a Muslim's duties, as described in the Five Pillars of Islam, is to go on Hajj at least once during his or her lifetime. This is a pilgrimage to Makkah (Mecca, Mekka) in Saudi Arabia. Approximately two million Muslims went in 1999, of which about one million were from Saudi Arabia, and 6,000 were from the U.S. Council on American-Islamic Relations estimated in 2006 that "some 10,000 American Muslims go on Hajj each year."
source : 　www.religioustolerance.org


her pilgrimage bag -
for the eleventh night
a pink neglige

Heike Gewi Yemen, July 2008
Kigo Hotline


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Joys of Japan, 2012

Mina and Arafah
pilgrimage exodus
heart and soul

- Shared by Mokhtar Sah Malik -

The towns of Mina and Arafah
source : www.hajtips.com/




haj -
with all my sins
I come to You

- Shared by Asni Amin -


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INDIA

kamakhya on nilachal~
pilgrims trekking together
to mother's womb

This was written during a visit to Kamakhya Temple near Guwahati in Assam (North East India) recently. It is on a mountain named Nilachal (meaning Blue Mountain). The deity ie. Goddess Kamakhya is worshipped here in the 'yoni' form. It is a great Shakti peeth and a seat of Tantric cult of Hinduism.

Sunil Uniyal, India, August 2008
Kigo Hotline


More Reference about the Temple



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Things found on the way


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HAIKU


道の辺に阿波のへんろの墓あはれ
michinobe ni Awa no henro no haka aware

at the roadside
"The Grave of the Pilgrim from Awa" -
how touching

Takahama Kyoshi 高浜虚子
(written in 1935)

This grave is near Matsuyama at the temple hall Daishido 太子堂. On the memorial stone it says 阿波の遍路の墓 and Kyoshi only added the first and last part to this.
There are two stone steles to memorize this grave, slightly slanted, in the temple compound.



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graves of the unknown -
pilgrims faces faded
into stone



Henro Pilgrims .. 遍路と無縁仏


Read some more of my Henro Haiku.
Shikoku Summer 2005

Gabi Greve

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竹林　上り下りの　遍路道
takebayashi nobori kudari no henromichi

bamboo grove -
the pilgrim's path leads
up and down

Gabi Greve, Shiraishi Pilgrimage, June 2006

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Early in his career, Santoka (1882-1940) was a henro.

autumn wind for all my walking . . . for all my walking . . .

"Where is the Way?" he was once asked.
"Under your feet," he replied.

Read a long article about pilgrims by Michael Hoffman .

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暑さにも負けず遍路の道長き
atsusa ni mo makezu henro no michi nagaki


not even yielding
to the great heat ...
pilgrim on the road

Gabi Greve, July 2008, Fudo Pilgrimage Yamaguchi


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Related words

Pilgrimage to Shinto Shrines
***** Pilgrimage to Kyoto (Kyoo mairi 京参り )
Ise Shrine Pilgrimage, O-Ise-Mairi, Ise Mairi 伊勢参り
O-kage mairi お陰参り　（おかげまいり）
Konpira Shrine Pilgrimage, Konpira Mairi 琴平参り



***** Grave (haka)

***** SAIJIKI of Japanese Ceremonies and Festivals


***** Henro Pilgrims Culture and Haiku

***** . Gankake 願掛け wish-prayer, to make a wish .


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Pinks (nadeshiko)

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Pink, Fringed Pinks, wild carnation
(nadeshiko, Japan)

***** Location: Japan, other areas
***** Season: Late Summer
***** Category: Plant

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Explanation

Walking my usual way toward the local shrine, the terraced rice fields below on the right, the pink-colored slopes on the left - yes, it is time for the PINK with the fringed petals and its fragrant smell.

This flower has been introduced to Japan from China and is known for its medical properties too. It comes in white, pink and lilac, altogether more than 300 varieties. It blooms from June to August and is also one of the seven herbs and flowers of Autumn, but as a kigo, it represents the late summer.

Seven Flowers of Autumn (aki no nanakusa).. Seven Herbs of Autumn


Its precious little flower with the fringed petals reminds us of a lover or beloved child and since the Heian period the characters 撫子 were used to represent this flower. Literally it means a child (ko 子) so sweet it is stroked (nade 撫).
The Chinese Nadeshiko (kara nadeshiko　唐撫子) was also introduced during the Heian period, but nowadays the Japanese Nadashiko (yamato nadeshiko　大和撫子) is more common.

This flower is the subject of many poems in the Manyoo-Shuu　万葉集 "Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves" . It is a symbol of a flower planted in spring, bringing forth its flowers (the fruit of love) in autumn.
Some of the older names are tokonatsu (常夏), literally "endless summer" and omohigusa, omoigusa (思草).

Let us look at some other Japanese names for this plant.

fringed pink (Dianthus superbus) nadeshiko　撫子
kawara nadeshiko　河原撫子 (.it. pink by the river)
hime nadeshiko 姫撫子 (lit. Princess Pink)
shimofuri nadeshiko　霜降撫子 (lit. falling frost pink)
Shinano nadeshiko 信濃撫子 (Dianthus shinanensis)
fuji nadeshiko 藤撫子 (lit. Wisteria pink)
kumoi nadeshiko 雲井撫子
takane nadeshiko　高嶺撫子(lit. pink of high mountains) (Dianthus superbus var. speciosus),
hama nadeshiko　浜撫子(lit. pink on the beach) (Dianthus japonicus)



English names: superb pink, wild carnation
German names: Prachtnelke, wilde Nelke


Yamato Nadeshiko 大和撫子, a comely Japanese maiden
relates a bit to this one
Yamato-damashii 大和魂, the Japanese spirit

Gabi Greve


source : facebook Ukiyo-e & sumi-e

"Three Young Women in a Garden where Nadeshiko Pinks are Growing"
Kuwagata Keisai (also known as Kitao Masayoshi) (1764-1824)

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kigo for early summer

furokkusu フロックス Phlox
kikyoo nadeshiko 桔梗撫子（ききょうなでしこ）
"bellflower nadeshiko"



. oiransoo 花魁草 Phlox paniculata .


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kigo for mid-summer

mushitori nadeshiko 虫取撫子 (むしとりなでしこ) "insect catching nadeshiko"
Sweet William catchfly, None-So-Pretty
haetori nadeshiko 蠅取撫子（はえとりなでしこ）
komachisoo 小町草（こまちそう）
Silene armeria


sakichiku 石竹 (せきちく) China pink
lit. "stone bamboo"
kara nadeshiko 唐撫子（からなでしこ）"Chinese nadeshiko"
tokonatsu 常夏 (とこなつ)
Dianthus chinensis


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Yamato Nadeshiko 大和撫子

is referred to by Japanese as a woman with attributes that were considered traditionally desirable from the perspective of a male dominated society; generally ascribed to people with traditional upbringings. It is an extremely broad, but complicated Japanese aesthetic concept. The name is believed to originate from the willowy Dianthus superbus or the Japanese Nadeshiko flower.

"A Japanese woman (with all the traditional graces); an ideal Japanese woman."
" A figure of speech for the beauty of Japanese women who are neat and tidy."

Also known as an ideal Japanese woman, it basically revolves around acting for the benefit of the family and following the instructions or acting in the best interest of patriarchal authority figures. Virtues include: loyalty, domestic ability, wisdom, and humility.

During World War II, the idea of Yamato Nadeshiko was popularized as a kind of national propaganda by the Japanese government. A Yamato Nadeshiko should be able to endure all the pain and poverty of life for her husband (a soldier) and the country, and should always be ready to fight with naginata or tae yari and to be ready to die at any time, for her country or to keep her chastity.
　© More in the WIKIPEDIA

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Japanese Link with poem and photo
http://www.mitomori.co.jp/hanazukan/hanazukan2.4.12.html
http://tinyurl.com/dcahu
http://www.alpine-plants-jp.com/art/ezokawaranadesiko_1.htm
http://www.bonchi.jp/plant/Riben/Html/0467.htm


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Worldwide use



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Things found on the way

from the Manyoo-Shuu (万葉集)

Flowers blossoming
in autumn fields -
when I count them on my fingers
they then number seven.

The flowers of bush clover,
eulalia, arrowroot,
pink, patrinia,
also, mistflower
and morning faces flower.

Yamanoue Okura (C. 660 - 733)
Manyoshu: 8:1537-8


WKD : Seven Herbs of Autumn (aki no nanakusa)


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Sei Shoonagon in the Makura Sooshi

「草の花は、なでしこ。
唐のはさらなり、大和のもいとめでたし」

清少納言（せいしょうなごん） 枕草子
http://www.hana300.com/nadesi.html


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wild carnation -
the fragile features of
this old courtesan

　© Photo and Haiku Gabi Greve, 2007
LOOK at the Courtesan HERE !


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昭和が生んだ日本語 Shōwa ga unda Nihongo
遠藤織枝 Endo Orie
with an essay about the modern metaphorical use of "Yamato nadeshiko" to describe women.

There is also a discussion about nadeshiko in the PMJS forum (November 2016).

The nadeshiko (nadesikwo) 撫子|瞿麦 was apparently a favorite flower of the poet Otomo no Yakamochi.
- source : PMJS listserve -

Tale of Genji
The “little pink” (Yamato nadeshiko) is the future Tamakazura.

nadeshiko no hana = Autumn Tea Flowers - Urasenke

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. Nadeshiko Japan なでしこジャパン　
Japan women's national football team .


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HAIKU

Issa has at least 13 haiku about this flower.


なでしこや地蔵菩薩の跡先に
nadeshiko ya jizô bosatsu no ato saki ni

blooming pinks
behind and in front
of Saint Jizo

.. .. ..

なでしこや一ッ咲ては露のため
nadeshiko ya hitotsu saite wa tsuyu no tame

pinks--
one is blooming
thanks to the dew


Tr. David Lanoue
http://cat.xula.edu/issa/search?sorter=date&j=&boolean=and&r=nadeshiko&e=&season=&s_date=&mode=combo

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nadeshiko no naze oreta zo yo oreta zo yo

Why did the pink break, oh why did it break?
Translated Max Bickerton

Issa lamenting the death of his child (1819)

From
Commentaries on Basho- :Fifth; The Octopus Pot
http://haiku.cc.ehime-u.ac.jp/nobo/20030327/2384.html

.. .. .. .. ..

なでしこの正月いたせ郭公
nadeshiko no shôgatsu itase hototogisu

it's New Year's
for the blooming pinks...
"cuckoo!"



Haiga by Nakamura Sakuo
http://cat.xula.edu/issa/searchissa.php?haiku_id=338.09a

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© Photos by Gabi Greve, 2005

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hagi kikyo nadeshiko nando moe ni-keri

bush clover, bellflowers
and also pinks
have sprouted

Masaoka Shiki 　正岡子規
http://www.ecf.or.jp/shiki/2000/sympo-e.html


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Nadeshiko hokku by
. Matsuo Basho 松尾芭蕉 - Archives of the WKD .

撫子にかかる涙や楠の露
nadeshiko ni kakaru namida ya kusu no tsuyu

KUSU refers to the warrior Kusunoki Masashige 楠正成 (1294 - 1336).

Translation and MORE about
. Kusunoki Masashige 楠木正成 .


. Basho Hokku about Tears .

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撫子の暑さ忘るる野菊かな
nadeshiko no / atsusa wasururu / no-giku kana


霜の後撫子咲ける火桶哉
. shimo no nochi nadeshiko sakeru hioke kana .


酔うて寝ん撫子咲ける石の上
. youte nen nadeshiko sakeru ishi no ue .
yoote nen / yoote nenmu


. Matsuo Basho 松尾芭蕉 - Archives of the WKD .

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かさねとは八重撫子の名なるべし
kasane to wa yae nadeshiko no na naru beshi

"Double"
must be another name
for "Eightfold Pink"

Sora, Oku no Hosomichi

Quote:
In Sora's poem, Nadeshiko, the pink, is the season word indicating summer. Although this flower is numbered among the seven grasses of autumn, in haikai it is considered to indicate summer.

Since ancient times there have been many examples in literature of children named
Nadeshiko; we see it used in The Tale of Genji in the "Broom Tree" chapter. Because this name is one of charm and beauty, Sora did not expect to find it in the rustic countryside, and consequently he took it to mean, "layered," a more commonplace word pronounced the same way.

Realizing his mistake, he combined the words to create "yae nadeshiko," the "layered pink." Although there is no such flower as the "layered pink," by using the poem to acknowledge his own mistake and correct it, Sora demonstrates his own sensibility. This notion of finding rude country people more esthetically senitive than expected
is a leitmotif throughout this work in particular and Japanese literature in general.

Evidently meeting this little girl named Kasane in such an auspicious way greatly affected Basho for the memory of the encounter stayed with him. He dscribes the meeting in other places besides this diary, and once, when a friend asked him to suggest a name for his newborn daughter, gave Kasane as his recommendation. On another occasion, Basho recalled this episode and told Sora that if he had had a little girl of his own, he would have named her Kasane.
　Tr. Ad G. Blankestijn


Oku no Hosomichi - - - - Station 6 - Nasu 那須 - - -
. Matsuo Basho 松尾芭蕉 - Archives of the WKD .


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Related words


***** Rock Carnation, ganpi がんぴ岩菲
Thousand-handed rock carnation, senju ganpi 千手岩菲
It looks like a thousand-handed Kannon Bosatsu.

kigo for early summer

Lychnis gracillima
Country of origin is China. It looks very similar to the wild carnation (nadeshiko). It flowers in may and june, usually with white flowers. The petals are thinly lapped with deep cuts. These plants are a bit smaller than the wild carnation, but very tough and live in rough natural environments, especially in high mountain areas.

Click HERE to look at some photos !

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***** Carnation (kaaneeshon　カーネーション)
kigo for early summer
Carnation from Holland, oranda sekichiku おらんだ　せきちく　和蘭石竹
.... oranda nadeshiko　和蘭撫子
Dianthus caryophyllus

This flower is the most common gift for Mother's Day. Its origin is South Europe and Western Asia.
Legend says that when Jesus was killed, his mother Maria cried and her tears fell on the ground, where the carnations would then start to grow. The most common colors are red and white.

Click HERE to look at some !


Mother’s Day
this year
the white carnation

Ellen Compton
http://www.theheronsnest.com/haiku/0803W1746/thn_issue.h8.html



***** Mother's Day


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***** WKD : Seven Herbs of Autumn (aki no nanakusa)




© Photo Gabi Greve, Summer 2010


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fukuro nadeshiko 袋撫子 (ふくろなでしこ )

***** Location: Japan
***** Season: Late Spring
***** Category: Plant

lit. "nadeshiko with a bag". Silene pendula, Nodding Catchfly

another name for oomantema おおまんてま



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kasumisoo 霞草 (かすみそう)
misty plant
mure nadeshiko 群撫子（むれなでしこ）"crowd of pinks"
kogome nadeshiko こごめなでしこ
Gipskraut

Gypsophila elegans. in pink, white etc.



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Pheasant's eye (fukujusoo)

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Pheasant's Eye (fukujusoo, Japan)

***** Location: Japan
***** Season: New Year
***** Category: Plant

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Explanation

Pheasant's eye, fukujusō, 福寿草
New Year's Day Plant,
... ganjitsusoo, ganjitsusō 元日草
... tsuitachisoo 朔日草
Adonis amurensis, Family: Ranunculaceae. Crowfoot
Adonis annua

Grows in many mountainous areas of Japan. It begins to show new leaves in February or March and flowers with small bright yellow blossoms of 10 to 20 petals with a strong glow. Since the flowering time fell in the New Year season according to the lunar calendar, it was used as a decoration for the New Year, hence the name.

Even now some farmers grow it especially to flower for the First of January.

In the Edo period, it was already artificially grown and sold in small pots, with petals of white, cream and red flowers, even double-petals (yae　八重咲き).

The name actually means : Plant of good fortune and long life, "prosperity grass" or "longevity grass", so it was very auspicious for the New Year celebrations.

Gabi Greve

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http://www.dynax.co.jp/sinsen/photo/hana_koyomi/gf_fukujyusou.html

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Great page with photos
http://aoki2.si.gunma-u.ac.jp/BotanicalGarden/HTMLs/fukujusou.html


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Worldwide use


Amur-Adonis-Röschen
Adonis amurensis

Frühlings-Adonisröschen
Adonis vernalis


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Things found on the way


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HAIKU

大雪をかぶって立や福寿草
ôyuki o kabutte tatsu ya fukuju kusa

covered by the big snow
yet they stand...
New Year's grasses

Issa
(Tr. David Lanoue)
Haiga by Nakamura Sakuo


http://blog.livedoor.jp/sakuo3903/archives/50332688.html


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朝日さす老師が家や福寿草
asahi sasu rooshi ga ie ya fukujusoo

morning sunshine
on the old Zen teacher's home -
Pheasant's eye in bloom

Buson 与謝蕪村
Tr. Gabi Greve


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地面から宙がはじまる福寿草　
jimen kara sora ga hajimaru fujukusoo

from the earth
the sky begins ...
Pheasant's eye　

Miyasaka Shizuo 宮坂静生 (1937 - )
He taught the NHK haiku lessons for two years.


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日のあたる窓の硝子や福寿草　　
hi no ataru mado no shooshi ya fukujusoo

the sun shines bright
on the window panes ...
Pheasant's eye

Matsui Kafuu 永井荷風 (1879 - 1959)




Photo
http://blog.goo.ne.jp/akiiys/e/12c83638afc11a6eaff747a5e925cff1


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Related words

***** Fern and the Seven Herbs of Spring
Kigo for the New Year


SAIJIKI – THE NEW YEAR

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植木福寿草売り
Women Buying Potted Plants from a Street Vendor
　
Torii Kiyonaga 鳥居 清長 (1752–1815)


. Edo Culture via Ukiyo-E .
- Join us on facdbook -

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[ . BACK to DARUMA　MUSEUM　TOP . ]

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Pheasant (kiji)

[ . BACK to WORLDKIGO　　TOP . ]
. Legends about the pheasant .
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Pheasant (kiji)

***** Location: Japan, other areas
***** Season: All Spring
***** Category: Animal

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Explanation

The pheasant has been introduced to Japanese literature since olden times. He is mentioned in the Kojiki　古事記　 and Nihon Shoki　日本書記　 and also in the Manyoo'shuu 万葉集　Poetry Almanach.
It is the national bird of Japan.

He represents a good omen, prowess and daring, since he eats poisonous snakes too. He is also said to be very dilligent and able to predict an earthquake. He is one of the companions of the fortious hero Momotaroo, the Peach Boy, on the way to defeat the demons.

He is also well loved by the gourmets, since his meat is delicious. In my part of the mountains, hunters often go to the forest before dinner and then delight in a barbeque, noodle soup or other local pheasant specialities.

The most common in Japan is maybe the Ring-necked Pheasant (Chinese Pheasant), Phasianus colchicus. He can be found all year long, but in spring his voice is most often heared, so it is a kigo for haiku.

Gabi Greve

pheasant, kiji　雉
..... kigisu, kigishi　雉子
hollering of the pheasant, kiji no hororo　雉のほろろ



"mountain bird", yamadori 山鳥

copper pheasant - Syrmaticus soemmerringi
... bigger than the pheasant. It is known for its long tail
"yamadori no o" 山鳥の尾 in many waka poems.


Voices of an animal in HAIKU


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There are about 50 species of Pheasants.
Practically all of them are native to Central Asia, Ukraine, and China. They have been introduced and widely established in various areas. Romans brought Pheasants into Europe. According to mythology Argonauts took them from the river Phasis in Colchis. Egyptian Pharaohs kept Pheasants; Alexander the Great brought them to Greece from Asia.

Some species first came into North America and then to Europe. At present Pheasants are found in a variety of habitats from the snowy Himalayas to the jungles of Indonesia.
Pheasant is the state bird of South Dakota.
http://www.pheasant-birds.com/



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Worldwide use

Europa

In Europe, pheasant hunting is only for the Royals. The pheasants are driven to the hunters. "Common Folks" walk the fields and flush the birds so that they fly over the "Royals" shooting stations.
http://pheasantridgepreserve.com/hunts.shtml

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Germany

Fasan

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North America

A kiji is a pheasant, the Asian ones come in a variety of colors and sizes, some with magnificent long tails, though no where near the peacock in size. When I was a zookeeper, Asian pheasants were also in my care. They were not particularly noisy at the zoo, but they did make noise.

There are no North American native pheasant species. The ring-necked pheasant which many regard as an 'American pheasant' was introduced from Asia in the 1800s.
http://hoglezoo.org/animals/printable.php?id=133

M. Kei
Editor of the Chesapeake Bay Saijiki

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Things found on the way

. Kiji-guruma きじ車 pheasant on wheels
Pheasant toys from Kyushu


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Proverb

yakeno no kigisu yoru no tsuru 焼け野の雉子 夜の鶴
pheasant in a burning field, crane in the evening

a mother's heart is always with her children.

Legend knows that a pheasant mother will run back and save her chicks if she discovers the fields around her nest are burning.


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HAIKU

父母のしきりに恋し雉の声
父母の　しきりに戀し　雉子の声
父母のしきりに戀し雉の聲
（ちちははの しきりにこいし きじのこえ）
chichi haha no shikiri ni koishi kiji no koe

Father, mother dear!
I hear as I mourn for you –
hear the pheasant's cry!

The voice of the pheasant;
how I longed
for my dead parents!
Tr. Blyth

Written in 1688, Basho age 45
at Mount Koyasan 高野山. He had been to Iga Ueno to celebrate the important 33th death anniversary of his father.


This is a reference waka by Gyoki Bosatsu 行基菩薩

山鳥のほろほろと鳴く声聞けば父かとぞ思ふ母かとぞ思ふ
yamadori no horohoro to koe kikoeba
chichi zo omou haha ka to zo omou

Listening
to the cry of a pheasant
I wonder:
Could it be my father?
Could it be my mother?

source : Makoto Ueda



Oi no Kobumi 笈の小文
. Matsuo Basho 松尾芭蕉 - Archives of the WKD .


. Gyoki Bosatsu (Gyooki Bosatsu) 行基菩薩 . 　　


蛇食ふと聞けばおそろし雉子の声
hebi kuu to kikeba osoroshi kiji no koe

when it eats a snake
the dreadful voice
of a pheasant

Written in 1690 元禄3年.

osoroshi 恐ろしい dreadful, terrible
. Matsuo Basho 松尾芭蕉 - Archives of the WKD .


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丘の雉鷺の身持をうらやむか
oka no kiji sagi no mimochi o urayamu ka

hilltop pheasant
are you jealous of the heron's
style?


焼飯は烏とるとやきじの鳴
akimeshi wa karasu toru to ya kiji no naku

"the raven took
all the fried rice!"
announces the pheasant

Issa has about 70 haiku about the pheasant.

Check out the Database of David Lanoue !


. Kobayashi Issa 小林一茶 in Edo .


More about the Pheasant in Japanese Literature.

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- - - - - Yosa Buson - - - - -

山鳥の枝踏かゆる夜長哉
yamadori no eda fumi-kayuru yonaga kana
(1769)

A mountain bird
Shifting on a branch from foot to foot--
A long night.
Tr. Nelson/Saito

A mountain pheasant
moves his feet on the branch--
the long night!
Tr. Sawa/ Shiffert




山鳥の尾をふむ春の入日哉
yamadori no o o fumu haru no irihi kana
(1783)

The setting spring sun
has been treading on the tail
of the copper pheasant.
Tr. Blyth


stepping on
a copper pheasant's tail -
spring sunset
Tr. Haldane


A mountain pheasant,
treading on its tail,
the springtime's setting sun.
Tr. Henderson



兀山や何にかくれてきじのこゑ
hageyama ya nani ni kakurete kiji no koe

these barren hills -
where is it hidden
the call of a pheasant
Tr. Gabi Greve


hi kururu ni kiji utsu haru no yamabe kana

At sunset
The sound of pheasant shooting
Near the spring mountainside.
Tr. Miura


きじ鳴や坂を下リのたびやどり
kiji naku ya saka o kudari no tabi yadori

a pheasant calls -
I walk downhill
looking for a lodging
Tr. Gabi Greve



kiji uchite kaeru ieji no hi wa takashi
kiji utte kaeru ieji no hi wa takashi

With a shot pheasant,
going back home on the path,
the sun still high.
Tr. Sawa/ Shiffert


遅キ日や雉子の下りゐる橋の上
osoki hi ya kiji no ori-iru hashi no ue

Daylight longer!
a pheasant has fluttered down
onto the bridge.
Tr.Sawa/ Shiffert


亀山へ通ふ大工やきじの聲
. kameyama e kayou daiku ya kiji no koe .
Kameyama in Kyoto



木瓜の陰に皃類ひ住ムきゞす哉
boke no kage ni kao tagui sumu kigisu kana

A face shaped similar
to a flowering quince, the pheasant
that dwells here!!

Buson has made the astute observation that the face of a pheasant is similar to flowers that the quince blooms.
Masaoka Shiki mentioned this haiku as one of the better 'pictorial' haiku that Buson wrote. It is easy to understand the visual aspect of this haiku, but I think that it is important to consider that to write this 'picture' out, Buson used to a simile to do it. And the word 'sumu' (dwells) really is padding that adds nothing to the visual effect of the haiku. The use of the old character 㒵 (kao - face) does add to the visual effectiveness of the haiku because it physically inserts the face of pheasant and the quince flowers into the words.
This count 18. Since Buson could have used the shorter word 'kiji' for pheasant, instead of the older word 'kigisu', you have to wonder what linguistic considerations went into making this count one over.
- source : James Karkoski on facebook -



柴刈に砦を出るや雉の聲
きじ啼や草の武藏の八平氏 - hachi heiji - The Hachi Clan
木瓜の陰に皃類ひ住ムきゞす哉
むくと起て雉追ふ犬や宝でら


. Yosa Buson 与謝蕪村 in Edo .


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the pheasant flies but
beauty's feathered sheen still shines
in the seer's eye

Kalamu ya Salaam

This example is a haiku which leans heavily on the use of the long "ssss" sound and on its complement, the long "ffff" sound, both of which contrast with the short and abrupt "but" and "eye." Notice, even though "but" and "eye" fall at end points, the rhyme is set up with the half rhyme of "flies" and "eye." If you recite it alould you will immediately hear the connections.
My experimentation has been to go beyond what the poem means and also dig deeply into how the poem sounds. Most haiku do not focus on the sounding element precisely because most haiku don't use a Black aesthetic.

Read this interesting article (L)
http://www.nathanielturner.com/onwritinghaiku.htm


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early morning -
a pheasant hollers
right above me

Gabi Greve, December 2008


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Related words

***** Peacock, kujaku　孔雀　


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. Legends about the pheasant .

. pheasant predicting an earthquake .

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Pheasant as Food
WASHOKU ... Japanese Food SAIJIKI


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[ . BACK to DARUMA　MUSEUM　TOP . ]

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Oyster (kaki)

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Oyster, Auster (kaki)

***** Location: Japan, other areas
***** Season: All Winter
***** Category: Animal

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Explanation

Oysters are quite a delicacy here in Japan! There are quite a few kigo with this animal and its food versions. Some come in other seasons than winter.

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kigo for late autumn

first oysters of the season, hatsugaki, hatsu kaki, 初牡蠣
This is a special treat for all oyster lovers in Japan. Eaten raw out of the shell, with a bit of lime juice sprinkled on it ... well, mjami !

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http://www.dereila.ca/dereilaimages/Marine.html


....................... Oyster kigo for all winter

oyster, oysters, 牡蠣
..... Crassostrea gigas, Japanese Oyster, Giant Pacific Oyster
real oysters, magaki 真牡蠣, オイスター
"flowers of the rocks" kaki　岩花
oyster shells, kakigara 牡蠣殻

collecting oysters, kakitori 牡蠣採
cracking oysters open, hitting oysters, kaki uchi 牡蠣打
breaking oysters open, kakiwarru　牡蠣割る
peeling out the oysters, kaki muku　牡蠣むく

women who break the oysters, kakiwari me　牡蠣割女

Famous areas for Japanese oysters
"oyster field", famous oyster farms of Hiroshima, kakita　牡蠣田
long oysters from Northern Japan, nagagaki　長牡蠣
from Hokkaido, Ezogaki　蝦夷牡蠣
Itabogaki、イタボガキ,　いたぼがき板甫牡蠣

from Kyushu, Ariake Sea, Sumi-no-E gaki　住之江牡蠣　住江牡蠣
..... Crassostrea ariakensis, Asian Oyster suminoekaki


Japanese food with the oysters
boiled rice with oysterss, kakimeshi 牡蠣飯
rice gruel with oysters, kaki zoosui　牡蠣雑炊
oysters marinated in vinegar, sugaki 酢牡蠣
fried on the beach, doteyaki　どて焼
deep fried oysters, kaki furai 牡蠣フライ


Click HERE to see photos of the Giant Oyster 　　　　

Click HERE to see photos of the real oyster, magaki 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　

Click HERE to see photos of rice with oysters

Click HERE to see photos of fried oysters



Click for enlargement of oyster dishes !



. WASHOKU
Seafood in Winter

. WASHOKU
watarikaki 渡利牡蠣（わたりかき）Oysters from the Kihoku　紀北町
Bred in a seawater / sweetwater lake.
Mie prefecture


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Eastern Oyster (Crassostrea virginica)

What is an oyster?
An oyster is a shellfish with 2 rough white shells that hook together at one end. The oyster has strong muscles which hold the shell shut. It is very difficult for predators (like people) to pry the shell open. An Eastern oyster is usually 2 to 6 inches long. The inside of the shell has a purple mark where the oyster was attached. The shell is sharp and can cut you!

How do oysters eat?
Oysters are filter-feeders. They suck in water and filter out the plankton and detritus to swallow. Then they spit the water back out. (Detritus is dead plant and animal matter.) They also accidentally filter out and collect any poisons that might be in the water. This cleans the water, but is not so good for the oysters. Because these poisons are more likely to be in coastal waters in the summer months, it is usually not safe to eat oysters in the summer time. Oysters have gills and get their oxygen from the water.

What about pearls?
The oyster’s mantle (skin) makes both an outer white crusty shell, and a smooth inner shell. The smooth inner part is called "nacre" or "Mother of Pearl." Sometimes a bit of sand gets inside the oyster’s shell. This is very irritating to the oyster, like getting an eyelash in your eye. So the oyster covers this bit of dirt with shiny smooth Mother of Pearl. It keeps covering the dirt and rolling it around until it doesn’t cause any more irritation. This makes a pearl.
The oysters that people eat in north Florida (Eastern oysters) hardly ever make pretty pearls. But there are other kinds of oysters, clams, mussels, conchs, whelks, and even abalone that do make nice pearls. We think of pearls as being round and white, but they are often yellow or black, and many other colors and shapes.
http://pelotes.jea.com/eastern.htm

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Worldwide use

Chesapeake Bay, USA

American oyster (Crassostrea virginica)
The American Oyster, also called the Eastern Oyster and Virginia Oyster, is native to the East Coast of the United States. The Chesapeake Oyster is a subspecies of the American Oyster. It is a hard shellfish, typically 2 - 6 inches in length, growing about one inch a year. It is a filter feeder and peforms an important ecological function in cleaning the Chesapeake Bay.

The oysters have been all but wiped out by pollution, disease, and overharvesting. Skipjacks are no longer economically viable and there is talk of declaring the Chesapeake oyster an endangered species.
Chesapeake Bay Saijiki : Winter

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Things found on the way

Grandfather Oyster and Shigebo
カキじいさんとしげぼう



On the English translation of this book "Grandfather Oyster and Shigebo"
HATAKEYAMA Shigeatsu
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
I am an oyster farmer on Kesennuma Bay ln northern Japan.

Oysterfarms, no matter where in the world they are,are always located in brackish areas near rivermouths.

This is because forests are closely linked with the development of phytoplankton, which is eaten by the oysters. Dr.MATSUNAGA Katsuhiko, a Japanese researcher, discovered that phytoplankton will not increase in the absence of the fulvic-acid Fe that is produced within the forest humus.

However, people live in the areas along the river.This is the cause of many things that interfere with biological development-weirs , dams, domestic and industrial waste water, pesticides, destruction of the forests, and so on.

Thirty years ago, Kesennuma Bay was in a moribund state, ruined by redtide. Wishing to restore the polluted sea to its original blue state, "The Sea is longing for the Forest" movement was started in 1989. Fishermen planted trees such as beech and oak in the mountains, and invited children living along the river to visit the sea, providing environmental education to them.

After twenty years, the river feeding into Kesennuma Bay has the most salmon climbing it of all the rivers in the area, and the sea has returned to its original blue color. This is the result of people all along the river understanding that the forests and the sea form a slngle system. Currently,every prefecture in Japan with a coastline has fishermen conducting reforestation.

Kaki-no-Mori-BOOKS （Mizuyama oyster Farm）
source : mizuyama-oyster-farm


. Japan after the BIG earthquake March 11, 2011　.


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Published Research on the Asian Oyster, Crassostrea ariakensis


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Suminoe at the mouth of river Rokkaku in the Ariake Sea
佐賀県有明（ありあけ）海湾奥部、六角（ろっかく）川河口


This is Suminoe at Osaka Bay:

住の江の岸による波よるさへや
夢の通ひ路人目よくらむ

Sumi no e no Kishi ni yoru nami Yoru sae ya
Yume no kayoi ji Hito me yoku ran

The waves are gathered
On the shore of Sumi Bay,
And in the gathered night,
When in dreams I go to you,
I hide from people's eyes.

18 - Fujiwara no Toshiyuki 藤原敏行朝臣
Tr. Virginia University Team


Like waves reaching Suminoe River,
He doesn't come to see me, even in a dream at night.
Tr. ヒデヨナ

. Ogura Hyakunin Isshu Poems 小倉百人一首 .



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HAIKU

初牡蠣やお国訛りの隣客
hatsugaki ya okuni narmai no tonarikyaku

first oysters of the season !
the guest next to me
speaks his home dialect
(Tr. Gabi Greve)

ソセイ
http://members.jcom.home.ne.jp/yanma46/14401.html

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oyster barbecue
a mother of six watches
the pile of shells

Jane Reichhold
A Dictionary of Haiku
Jane places the oysters as a kigo for spring. There are no reasons given for this deviation from the traditional Japanese placement and no special area she might be referring to.

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oysters in my bed
boats above me
watch out, the dredge!

~Amora Johnson, US
Chesapeake Bay Saijiki : Winter

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牡蠣船にもちこむわかればなしかな
kakibune ni mochikomu wakarebanashi kana

talk of separation -
brought all the way to the
oyster ship
(Tr. Gabi Greve)

久保田万太郎 Kubota Mantaroo


あたらしき声出すための酢牡蠣かな
能村登四郎

もろもろのしがらみ付けて太る牡蛎
中嶋秀子

占領地区の牡蠣を将軍に奉る
西東三鬼

友死すや啜りて牡蠣のうすき肉
小澤實

Quoted from the Gendai Haiku Database　現代俳句データベース 　　　　　　　　　　


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collecting oysters
in his childhood
was a hobby-

he remembers
the past while on a visit
to the same sea beach

Aju Mukhopadhyay, India, 2006

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oysters after concert --
the whole choir vomits
in the plane

Tomislav Maretic, Croatia, 2006

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fresh oysters ...
she coats her tongue
with cheese

Ella Wagemakers

.. .. ..

I can't let this one by. Not when I crew on board a Chesapeake oyster boat!
The proper way to eat an oyster is with hot sauce right out of the shell.

"Hard-alee!"
On his knees culling oysters
he doesn't have to duck.

M. Kei, USA
Chesapeake Bay Saijiki

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Related words

***** Pearls, Mother of Pearl (shinju　真珠)
Non-seasonal haiku topic
In Japan, a pearl neclace is the only jewellery allowed for a funeral ceremony.

Pearl Museum, Ise Shima, Japan


MOTHER-OF-PEARL or nacre
the iridescent substance that forms the lining of the shells of some fresh-water and some salt-water mollusks. Like the pearl it is a secretion of the mantle, composed of alternate layers of calcium carbonate and conchiolin.
Among the chief sources are the pearl oyster, found in warm and tropical seas, chiefly in Asia; freshwater pearl mussels, which live in many rivers of the United States, Europe, and Asia; and the abalone of California, Japan, and other Pacific regions.
http://www.encyclopedia.com/html/m/motherpe.asp


Click HERE to see some Pearl Jewellery


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WASHOKU : FISH and SEAFOOD SAIJIKI


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Owl (fukuroo)

[ . BACK to worldkigo TOP . ]
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Qwl (fukuro, fukuroo, fukurō)

***** Location: Japan, other areas
***** Season: All Winter
***** Category: Animal

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Explanation


Bizen Statue by Takagaki Mondo　高垣門土

Owls are best observed in winter, when the leaves are gone and the nights are lone. Their mating season is in mid-winter, so they can also be heared more often at this time. A good place for owls is Hokkaido.

owl, ural owl fukuroo　梟
snow owl, shirofukuroo, 白梟

horned owls, mimizuku 木菟, ミミズク , zuku 菟
gorosuke 五郎助（ごろすけ）
torafuzuku 虎斑木菟（とらふずく）long-eared owl
komimizuku 小木菟（こみみずく）small owl
washi mimizuku 鷲木菟（わしみみずく） "eagle owl"

collared scops owl、ookonohazuku 大木葉菟
..... (Otus bakkamoena)

hahakuidori 母食鳥（ははくいどり）"bird that eats its mother"

fukuroo naku 梟鳴く（ふくろうなく）owl is howling

shimafukuroo しまふくろう "striped owl"
Blakiston's fish-owl . Ketupa blakistoni

shirofukuroo しろふくろう "white owl"
snowy owl, Nyctea scandiaca, Bubo scandiacus



Buddhabird owl, konohazuku
木の葉菟 (コノハズク) Otus scops japonicus
.... see Buddhabird (buppoosoo)

The owl in Japan is an auspicious animal, because of its name, pronounced fukuroo. Read as fu kuroo 不苦労, it means "no hardships, no trouble". Therefore, little things with an owl are very popular in Japan.

Mother (o-fukuro お袋) and haiku


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observance kigo for mid-summer

. fukuro no atsumono 梟の羹 (ふくろうのあつもの)
"hot soup with owl meat" 　



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Worldwide use

Canada


snowy owl = harfeng des neiges

Snowy owls are found all over Canada in the winter time. They are extremely beautiful owls, all white with black patches, so that are well camouflaged in our forests in winter.


snowy owl
stares at the moon
image of her eyes

harfeng des neiges
qui fixe la lune
image de ses yeux


Richard Vallance 2008


CANADA SAIJIKI


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Germany

Eule, Uhu.

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Florida, USA

. Snowy owl 　　

topic for haiku from Florida



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Things found on the way

Snowy Owl on Driftwood
by ROBERT BATEMAN



© Artline.com
http://www.artline.vaxxine.com/nature/bateman/snowyowlondriftwood.htm

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NATIONAL WILDLIFE MAGAZINE



Kim Steininger
Chadds Ford, Pennsylvania

"I took this picture right before I ducked," says Steininger. On a bird-watching trip in Ontario, Canada, last winter, the network administrator noticed that one of the great gray owls she was photographing was staring back at her. "I didn’t think anything of it until it started flying at me," she says. Before getting out of the way, Steininger captured this digital photo with a 500mm telephoto lens.

Look at a great page with amazing nature photos, January 2006
http://www.nwf.org/nationalwildlife/printerFriendly.cfm?issueID=79&articleID=1158


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susuki mimizuku すすきみみずく　
horned owls made from susuki grass

amulet for getting pregnant (with a large tummy like these stuffed owls)

Susuki grass pas plenty in Edo and this little toy and amulet was quite popular, especially in temples dedicated to . Kishibojin 鬼子母神 . and her temple in Ikebukuro. Now there is even a group to keep up the tradition of making them, sponsored by the head priest. They have to go as far as Saitama to get the proper grass ears. The ears and bill are made from wood.

Legend knows this:
Once there was a poor mother and daughter living in Edo. The mother got ill and the daughter went to the temple of Kishibojin for 100 days to pray for her recovery. On the last day the daughter had a dream:
"Go out, get some susuki grass, make some owls from it and sell it to become rich."
So she did and soon she had enough money to buy medicine for her ill mother.



. Amulets and Talismans from Japan .　



source : national diet library
artist unknown

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HAIKU

Dusk -
silently a snow owl
changes trees.

Deepening dusk -
an owl adds its voice
to the campfire song.

(1st place in the Shiki Double Kukai, February, 2004,
6th place in the 2004 Shiki Annual Double kukai)

Early night -
the great horned owls
hoot their off-key duets.

This cold night,
through the grave yard echoes
an owl's "whooo". . .

Zhanna P. Rader

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On my walk yesterday …. It was Late evening- saw a pair of owls … sitting on a low branch hooting away to glory!
I stopped to look and surprisingly one flew away, the other bent down to look at me!

night chill . . .
awake with me
the owl’s hoot

snow owl . . .
her resonant call rips
across the twilight

Kala Ramesh, India


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two owls
on the same old branch -
good couple's day

Gabi Greve, January 2007


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Related words

***** Buddhabird (buppoosoo)
"Owl in green leaves" konohazuku 木の葉木莵 , 小葉木菟
..... aobazuku　青葉木莵
kigo for all summer



***** Mother (o-fukuro) Japan


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Toshi Yoshida (1911-1995)


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Because of a pun with the name, the FUKU brings good luck to people.
There is also a pun with

fu kuroo 不苦労　no hardships, no worries

chiebukuro　知恵袋 a wise person - chie no fukuro

. Amulets and Toys with the FUKU　福 owl .


. WKD . BIRD SAIJIKI


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